Did you know you can save your preferences across all your digital devices and platforms simply by creating a profile? Would you like to get started? Puerto Rico’s pro-statehood candidate Pedro Pierluisi Wednesday was holding on to his narrow lead in the gubernatorial race as ballot counting continued and his chief rival refused to concede.

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Under an executive order expected to be signed by Puerto Rico Gov. Wanda Vázquez Garced, visitors to the island will have to prove they tested negative for the coronavirus upon arriving or be subject to additional testing and potential quarantine.

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Executive Order 2020-52, effective July 15, mandates that travelers flying into Puerto Rico must show proof of a negative COVID-19 test conducted within 72 hours of arrival or undergo additional testing, according to a release issued by the Puerto Rico Federal Affairs Administration Thursday.

If a visitor does not have qualifying negative test results, they have to go through a screening process at the airport that includes a blood test for COVID-19 antibodies.

Those arriving to the island who test positive for the virus must quarantine for 14 days.

Travelers without a qualifying negative COVID-19 test can refuse to be tested at the airport, according to the release, but they will be required to quarantine for two weeks or the duration of their stay in Puerto Rico, whichever is shorter, the release said.

Puerto Rican outlet El Nuevo Día reported that these passengers will have to take a COVID-19 test at a testing site on the island regardless.

Additionally, the order mandates social distancing and the use of face coverings in three international airports: Luis Muñoz Marín, Rafael Hernández and Mercedita.

The order exempts some groups from testing, including flight crew members, aviation mechanics, federal agents and activated military members.

“I want Puerto Ricans living in the U.S. mainland to safely come to our island and visit their family members without fear of spreading this virus or infecting a loved one,” said Vázquez Garced in a written statement. “I want tourists and everyone visiting Puerto Rico to feel safe.”

Data from Puerto Rico’s Department of Health showed the island had 1,767 confirmed cases of, and 153 deaths from, the coronavirus as of July 2. An additional 5,841 cases are listed as “probable,” but unconfirmed, coronavirus infections.

The majority of Puerto Rico’s cases are concentrated in the northeast area of the island near San Juan.

The Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford area is home to one of the largest Puerto Rican communities in the mainland United States, behind the New York City metropolitan area, census data shows.

In 2018, Florida had the largest Puerto Rican population of any U.S. state, according to the Center for Puerto Rican Studies at Hunter College.

krice@orlandosentinel.com

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Let’s go back 520 years ago to the year 1494 on the island of Vieques, off the southeast coast of Puerto Rico’s mainland.

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Tainos, the largest indigenous Caribbean population, were living a life based on the cultivation of root crops and fishing when upon the shores arrived Columbus and his fleet, having crossed the Atlantic Ocean for the second time in as many years. At that point in time everything changed.

What’s written on paper has told us much about what happened next. What’s written in the DNA of today’s Puerto Ricans can tell us some more.

(Photo by B. Anthony Stewart/National Geographic Creative)

National Geographic’s Genographic Project researches locations where different groups historically intermixed to create a modern day melting pot. Collaborating with 326 individuals from southeastern Puerto Rico and Vieques, the Genographic Project conducted the first genetic testing in the area with the goal to gain more information about their ancient past and learn how their DNA fits into the human family tree. The results, just published in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology, paint a picture of vast historic complexity dating back some 5,000 years, to the first Caribbean peoples.

Our Genographic team learned some key pieces of information that helped us gain more insight into the peopling of the Caribbean. Most surprisingly, we found that roughly 60% of Puerto Ricans carry maternal lineages of Native American origin. Native American ancestry, higher than nearly any other Caribbean island, originated from groups migrating to Puerto Rico from both South and Central America. Analysis of the Y Chromosome DNA found that no Puerto Rican men (0%) carried indigenous paternal lineages, while more than 80% were West Eurasian (or European).

This leads us to conclude that the Y chromosomes (inherited strictly paternally) of Tainos were completely lost in Puerto Rico, whereas the mitochondrial DNA (inherited strictly maternally) survived long and well. This stark difference has been seen in other former colonies (Brazil, Cuba, Jamaica), but the gender dichotomy appears strongest in the Spanish-speaking Americas. A look into the rest of the Puerto Rican genome using the Genographic Project’s custom genotyping tool, the GenoChip, sheds some light on what may have happened during Spanish colonial times to create this ancestral imbalance.

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The average Puerto Rican individual carries 12% Native American, 65% West Eurasian (Mediterranean, Northern European and/or Middle Eastern) and 20% Sub-Saharan African DNA. To help explain these frequencies in light of the maternal and paternal differences, I used basic math and inferred that it would take at least three distinct migrations of hundreds of European men each (and practically no European women) to Puerto Rico, followed by intermixing with indigenous women. It also would necessitate the complete decimation of indigenous men (but not women), to account for those numbers. These results are surprising and also shed light into a dark colonial past that, until now, had remained somewhat unclear.

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These types of analyses, not just across the Caribbean or the world, but across a specific population’s DNA, can have strong historical implications and at the same time help paint a new picture of world history. Learn more about how DNA can inform you about your own personal past, and help us uncover some new secrets of world history by joining The Genographic Project.